the arrangement and interconnection of hardware components within a computer system. It involves understanding how the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage, and input/output devices collaborate to execute instructions and process data. Computer organization explores the hierarchical structure and design principles that enable efficient information flow, facilitating the comprehension of how a computer operates at the hardware level. This knowledge is essential for optimizing system performance, troubleshooting, and comprehending the foundational principles governing the functionality of digital devices.